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September 11th - According to foreign media reports, U.S. consumer price inflation is expected to accelerate in August as gasoline prices rebound after two consecutive months of decline, reinforcing financial market expectations that the Federal Reserve may raise interest rates next week. The U.S. Labor Department will release its August CPI report on Friday. This follows strong performance in several key components of Thursdays PPI report. Economists say that with oil prices returning above $100 per barrel, inflation is bound to remain high and expand further. Other economists believe that price pressures will persist due to import tariffs, especially the recent tariffs imposed on Canada, a major U.S. trading partner.US August Unadjusted CPI YoY (Previous: +3.4%, Median Expectation: +3.4%) 1. Citigroup: +3.3%; Capital Economics: +3.3%; UniCredit: 3.3%; Jefferies: +3.3%; Berenberg Bank: +3.3%; Deutsche Bank: +3.3%; 2. DBS Bank: +3.3%; Nomura Securities: +3.3%; Societe Generale: +3.3%; Lloyds Banking Group: +3.3%; Sparta Capital Securities: +3.3%; Allied Bank of Ireland: +3.4%; 3. Barclays: +3.4%; Wells Fargo: +3.4%; ABN AMRO: +3.4%; ANZ: +3.4%; Danske Bank: +3.4%; Royal Bank of Canada: +3.4%; 4. Bank of America: +3.4%; BNP Paribas: +3.4%; Allied Bank: +3.4%; Monex Group: +3.4%; DekaBank: +3.4%; Morgan Stanley: +3.4%; 5. Goldman Sachs: +3.4%; TD Securities: +3.4%; HSBC: +3.4%; Nikko Securities: +3.4%; UBS: +3.4%; CIBC: +3.4%; 6. JPMorgan Chase: +3.4%; Standard Chartered: 3.4%; Scotiabank: +3.4%; Sberbank Berlin: +3.4%; BMO: +3.4%; ING: +3.5%. US August Unadjusted Core CPI YoY (Previous: +2.5%, Median Expectation: +2.4%) 1. Citigroup: +2.3%; Jefferies: +2.3%; TD Securities: +2.3%; U.S. Bancorp: +2.3%; Allied Bank of Ireland: +2.4%; Deutsche Bank: +2.4%; 2. Barclays: +2.4%; ABN AMRO: +2.4%; Amtrak Financial: +2.4%; Monex Group: +2.4%; Danske Bank: +2.4%; Nordea: +2.4%; 3. ANZ: +2.4%; BNP Paribas: +2.4%; Bank of America: +2.4%; Lloyds Banking Group: +2.4%; SZSE: +2.4%; CIBC: +2.4%; 4. JPMorgan Chase: +2.4%; Capital Economics: +2.4%; Allied Bank: +2.4%; Goldman Sachs: +2.4%; DekaBank: +2.4%; Bank of Montreal: +2.4%; 5. Wells Fargo: +2.4%; HSBC: +2.4%; ING: +2.4%; Nomura Securities: +2.4%; Nikko Securities: +2.4%; Morgan Stanley: +2.4%; 6. Societe Generale: +2.4%; Standard Chartered: +2.4%; UBS: +2.4%; UniCredit: +2.4%; Scotiabank: +2.5%; Sparta Capital Securities: +2.5%.On September 11th, Benedict Cuquela, Chief Investment Strategist at Indosuez Wealth Management, stated in a report that the European Central Banks (ECB) focus solely on energy supply shocks was surprising. The ECB failed to consider the still fragile demand and the lack of drivers for core inflation. It also did not adequately account for the impact of tightening bond market interest rates. While the ECB is not lacking in credibility on inflation, there is a risk of over-tightening the nascent economic recovery.September 11 (Kyodo News) – Japanese Defense Minister Shinjiro Koizumi stated at a press conference that day that "no option is ruled out" in discussions and research related to revising the "Three Security Documents" regarding whether Japan should possess nuclear-powered submarines. This is not the first time Koizumi has made similar remarks. Last October, when asked about the issue, Koizumi also stated that "no option is ruled out" for the propulsion system of Japans next-generation submarines, hinting at the possibility of introducing nuclear submarines.On September 11, according to a report by Axios citing two US officials, Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman called US President Trump twice on September 10, urging him to launch an attack on the Houthi rebels in Yemen. The report stated that Trump rejected the request. US officials said the US government currently has "no intention of taking direct military action against the Houthis." According to Axios, the US is increasingly concerned about the rapidly escalating conflict in Yemen and is increasing its support for Saudi Arabia while striving to avoid direct military intervention. The report also stated that US Central Command Commander Brad Cooper arrived in Saudi Arabia on September 10 for emergency coordination consultations. Axios added that in recent weeks, US military and civilian officials have made it clear to Saudi Arabia that Trumps directive is to "focus US forces on dealing with Iran and defending the Strait of Hormuz, avoiding opening new military fronts."

Ethereum 2.0: What Is It and Why Is It So Important?

Charlie Brooks

Mar 24, 2022 10:57

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Ethereum 2.0 has three enhancements that will improve scalability, security, and sustainability.


Ethereum originated in 2013 as a spark in co-founder Vitalik Buterin's eye. That's when he published the project's whitepaper, albeit the Ethereum network wouldn't go live until 2015.


In the meantime, there was the Ether sale in 2014, when early purchasers could purchase part of the now-second-largest cryptocurrency using bitcoin. Back then, Ether powered the Ethereum network as a payment mechanism for network transactions, and it still does so today.

From PoW to PoS

Ethereum, like Bitcoin, was founded on the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus system. The PoW data serves two purposes:


  • Allows computer nodes that safeguard and protect the platform to agree on the veracity of information broadcast on the Ethereum network.

  • Any economic attack on the network is thwarted.


The PoW algorithm, on the other hand, is not flawless, and the shortcomings — such as long transaction times and high gas costs — were too significant to ignore. A notable example is the rise of the Ethereum-based CryptoKitties game. The game, which used an early form of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), became so popular that it clogged the Ethereum network, slowing transactions and driving up costs.


Another use case that has highlighted the significance of an efficient network is the advent of decentralized finance, or DeFi. While the DeFi market's total-value-locked (TVL) has skyrocketed since exploding in 2020, its expansion has been limited in several respects. Some engineers have moved on to other blockchains, while institutions have mostly stayed out of the way until the problems are ironed out. Ethereum's increased scalability and more predictable fees are anticipated to further upset conventional banking.


This is where Ethereum 2.0 enters the picture. Ethereum 2.0 is being built in order for developers to avoid shooting themselves in the foot with their own ingenuity. This is a significant update of the old network to one that is more scalable, which might speed the general adoption of blockchain.


Among the most significant modifications is a shift in the consensus procedure from PoW to proof-of-stake (PoS). Staking will increase involvement in protecting the Ethereum network, resulting in a more decentralized blockchain.

What Were the Original Ethereum Protocol's Flaws?

The version of Ethereum published in 2015 was revolutionary, but extraordinary demand for the network uncovered certain flaws. These issues may be divided into three categories:


A network that is congested: The blockchain has become overcrowded, which is not desirable for attempting to achieve worldwide acceptance. To ensure security, each computer node on the blockchain must validate transactions, which delays transaction speeds.


Inadequate disk space: As the Ethereum network increased in popularity, running software known as nodes became more challenging. The trick is to find a way to expand Ethereum's size and power without jeopardizing its decentralization.


High energy consumption: Ethereum's usage of electricity to maintain the PoW consensus mechanism for network security is not long-term sustainable.


The Ethereum team aimed to resolve these challenges while preserving the network's most crucial feature: decentralization. Though it is far from straightforward, Eth2 is the way to obtain better scalability and security without becoming a centralized network.

What Is Ethereum 2.0?

Now that we've established how far Ethereum has progressed, let's look at where it's going. Ethereum 2.0, also known as Eth2 and Serenity, is a significant update to the blockchain network. While not the first update, it is the one that is intended to propel Ethereum to total-value-locked (TVL) bubble status.


It is a major project on the part of the developers that will not be completed overnight. Instead, Ethereum 2.0 is unfolding in stages, the first of which happened in 2020 with Phase 0, often known as the Beacon Chain.


The Beacon Chain is a PoS implementation that runs alongside the PoW network and is currently being battle-tested. In August 2021, Ethereum executed the London hard fork, which increased the stability of gas costs on the Ethereum network and added a deflationary approach to the protocol's monetary policy. With each step comes greater features and improved performance, eventually leading to the destination of Ethereum 2.0, a PoS network.

What Are Ethereum 2.0's Advantages?

Ethereum 2.0 will provide a slew of new features that are sure to entice even more developers to join the network. The three major enhancements are as follows:


Greater scalability: Ethereum must be able to accommodate thousands of transactions per second (TPS) in order for applications created on the network to run faster and with lower costs. The combination of sharding and a PoS algorithm is projected to increase scalability by adding more nodes, resulting in higher TPS without consuming more power.


Greater security: Ethereum must be as safe as possible in order to resist assaults and give users, particularly institutions, confidence in its usage. The previously stated Beacon Chain is intended to aid with network security.


Greater sustainability: Reducing one's carbon impact has emerged as a key subject in the cryptocurrency sector. The PoW consensus algorithm uses a lot of energy. Because there will be no more mining, Ethereum 2.0 will be better for the environment. According to Ethereum Co-Founder Vitalik Buterin, whose vision for Ethereum is illustrated in the picture below, PoS would reduce Ethereum's energy usage "by a factor of more than 1,000."

What's the hold-up?

Ethereum 2.0 consists of three distinct improvements, each of which is a mammoth job in and of itself.

Beacon Chain: Introduced in 2020, this technology added staking to the network and laid the path for future improvements. While the Beacon Chain is still in testing mode, it is operational and will ultimately become the foundation of Eth2.


Merge: The Ethereum merger is likely to take place in late 2021 or early 2022. The Beacon Chain will be linked with Ethereum's mainnet at this point, allowing for staking on the Ethereum blockchain while putting a stop to mining.


Shard Chains: This depicts the breaking of the Ethereum network into stages, which will result in increased capacity for processing transactions and storing data. Sharding chains are scheduled to be installed in 2022.


Ethereum is one of the most popular cryptocurrencies, second only to bitcoin in terms of market capitalization. The transition to Eth2 is a significant set of events that will resolve the network's difficulties and may lead to widespread acceptance of the blockchain while perhaps boosting the Ether price in the meantime.



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